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Showing posts with label Ethics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Ethics. Show all posts

Android games on a Nintendo console!

Nintendo has denied rumors that her ancient next console will be Android. But the new wants it to be equipped with an emulator.
This is a moment that we know that Nintendo is working on a new console called NX. And if the Japanese company quickly put an end to rumors that the console will be in Google's Android OS, new sources believe it could still support Android games through an emulator (much like new BlackBerry smartphones).
This information is of course not official and it is important to note that they should be treated with extreme caution. However, such an idea would not be so bad for Nintendo, and could bring a lot of content for its new platform. Anyway, the idea of ​​a Nintendo console Android had pleased a lot of online until a spokesman of the Japanese firm does not specify the Wall Street Journal: "There is no truth in the report that says we plan to adopt Android to NX. "
What is already official, is that Nintendo will create mobile games featuring his "intellectual property".

The most Green companies according to Greenpeace

The NGO Greenpeace, as every year, published its Green Internet "Clean clicking close" report on good students in renewable energy in the high-tech giants.

We do not always think but internet, cloud or web services have an ecological footprint as much, if not stronger than some industries. The reason being that the internet is particularly energy intensive and therefore it has an impact on pollution since very often this energy comes from fossil fuels.
Apple reference to follow for "Green Internet"

For several years, the Web giant embarked on a race to that manage to offer the most "green" internet possible. Apple is a leader in the field, followed by giants like Yahoo, Facebook or Google. The firm at the apple has indeed made a huge progress compared to a few years ago, where she was one of the most polluting companies in the world and today 100% of its data centers only use eg that renewable energy! The company has even become the reference to follow to improve its environmental footprint.

Google, Yahoo and Facebook are following the same path and show excellent results even if the way to go says Greenpeace. However some companies are really very bad figures of students like Amazon, eBay or Oracle. The three companies are still using largely non-renewable energy such as gas or coal.

Greenpeace conducts comprehensive reports annually to provide the tools for large companies make strategic decisions also in the environment. The NGO wants above all the giants are the first to make the effort because they grow Internet users around the world still use more internet, data centers, etc. Each year, Internet users around the world are increasing the footprint Online, which has a direct impact on climate change. So we can better understand the issues that drive the NGO to ask companies to invest in renewable energy use.

Why might an organization be motivated to institute wellness programs?

A wellness program is a health management initiative that incorporates the components of disease prevention, medical care, self-care, and health promotion. Since health insurance premiums for employers are increasing, keeping employees healthy would save a company a great deal of money. A wellness program designed to keep employees healthy could reduce such costs.



Sexual harassment generally refers to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment consists of two types of prohibited conduct in the United States: 
 
(1) quid pro quo—in which submission to harassment is used as the basis for employment decisions, and 
 
(2) hostile environment—in which harassment creates an offensive working environment.

Four types of role conflict that may occur as a result of incompatible messages and pressures

Intrasender role conflict may occur when different messages and pressures from a single member of the role set are incompatible. For example, a manager wants a routine goal achieved more quickly, at a lower cost, and with higher quality.

Intersender role conflict may occur when the messages and pressures from one role sender oppose messages and pressures from one or more other senders.

Interrole conflict may occur when role pressures associated with membership in one group are incompatible with pressures stemming from membership in other groups.

Person–role conflict may occur when role requirements are incompatible with the focal person’s own attitudes, values, or views of acceptable behavior. Intrapersonal conflict typically accompanies this type of role conflict.

What are the basic duties of a promoter?

The promoters have certain basic duties towards the company formed :-1. He must not make any secret profit out of the promotion of the company. Secret profit is made by entering into a transaction on his own behalf and then sell to concerned property to the company at a profit without making disclosure of the profit to the company or its members. The promoter can make profits in his dealings with the company provided he discloses these profits to the company and its members. What is not permitted is making secret profits i.e. making profits without disclosing them to the company and its members.

2. He must make full disclosure to the company of all relevant facts including to any profit made by him in transaction with the company.

In case of default on the part of the promoter in fulfilling the above duties, the company may: -

1. Rescind or cancel the contract made and if he has made profit on any related transaction, that profit also may be recovered


2. Retain the property paying no more for it then what the promoter has paid for it depriving him of the secret profit.

3. If these are not appropriate (e.g. cases where the property has altered in such a manner that it is not possible to cancel the contract or where the promoter has already received his secret profit), the company can sue him to for breach of trust. Damages up to the difference between the market value of the property and the contract price can be recovered from him.

What is Memorandum of Association of a Company ?

Memorandum of Association of a Company

It is the constitution or charter of the company and contains the powers of the company. No company can be registered under the Companies Act, 1956 without the memorandum of association. Under Section 2(28) of the Companies Act, 1956 the memorandum means the memorandum of association of the company as originally framed or as altered from time to time in pursuance with any of the previous companies law or the Companies Act, 1956.

The memorandum of association should be in any of the one form specified in the tables B,C,D and E of Schedule 1 to the Companies Act, 1956. Form in Table B is applicable in case of companies limited by the shares, form in Table C is applicable to the companies limited by guarantee and not having share capital, form in Table D is applicable to company limited by guarantee and having a share capital whereas form in table E is applicable to unlimited companies.

Premium of Cyber Insurance Policies

It is a invention like a few other insurance strategy, to is brought by businesses to safeguard themselves from risks involved with Internet and in rank know-how. Such risks are not covered under trade liability policies which is why, the need of such an insurance comes into picture. It provides cover designed for losses due to hacking, denial of service attacks, destruction or loss of data, and all that. Protective measures like anti-spam systems, virus protection, and all that., fail next to several indicate in instant as they are not 100% foolproof. After a security breach, businesses need to restore their in rank systems, clean up infected documents, and all that., due to which they fail to keep on their conglomerate designed for quite several instant. All this calls designed for a batch of expenditure in epoch while they are not making money. At such instances, this coverage ropes them to take be concerned of their pecuniary needs.

Coverage Offered in Cyber Insurance Policies

This insurance invention provides coverage designed for liabilities to might occur due to confusion content and media, classified and secure customer in rank, danger opposed to processor systems and website, conglomerate interruption, and recovery of in rank know-how infrastructure. Any loss or pecuniary expenditure occurring due to these dealings is covered under the strategy and collect can be made to elect up the losses.

Associated Benefits under Cyber Insurance Policies

First and the a good number influential benefit of cyber insurance is to in occurrence of a security breach, it acts as a funding resource to cover up the losses and bring back businesses to ordinary working, lacking raising the need of government assistance. Secondly, it evenly distributes the risks together with companies by charging Nokia Lumia 1020 premiums from the ones having superior gamble of such instances, while charging excluding from businesses with little gamble. Lastly, it indirectly encourages businesses to adopt helpful security measures like tracking website visitors, and all that., for the reason that companies with poor security systems need to reimbursement superior premiums.

Associated Problems of Cyber Insurance Policies

Despite the profit, present are several problems associated with this kind of insurance. One is to, insurance companies complete not receive sufficient actuarial data as this invention is recently industrial by the insurance industry. Because of this, insurers fail to estimate the amount of premium to have got to be charged so to in occurrence of an event, the insurer has adequate finance designed for collect settlement. Secondly, insurers nightmare "cyber-hurricanes". This is a time used designed for situations while extreme numeral of claims occur due to a security breach. Such situations are strenuous to survive by the insurer and may possibly drain them on view completely.

Premium Charged in Cyber Insurance Policies

Like other insurance products, the premium charged depends on the coverage amount and the risks involved. Typically, designed for $1 million coverage, the premium charged is $3,500 with a deductible of $5,000. This amount is not fixed and may possibly vary depending on the insurer and the instant of issuance of the strategy. The amount of premium charged is superior designed for conglomerate with relatively poor security measures as compared to the ones who are better equipped.

No be important how stringent a company's security measures are, it for all time has several kind of danger. To save themselves from pecuniary crunch at some stage in such untoward situations, many companies are instantly opting designed for cyber insurance. It is loyal to this invention is a costly thing at the moment, but it will regularly turn into simpler and cheaper as more and monext to insurance companies will start offering this invention in the souk.

Is Lenovo P780 better than Lenovo P770?

The Lenovo P780 is described as "a additional flair smartphone" by Bryant in a behind-the-scenes almost phone-less poster. It shows the basketball player holding the China-bound device by the side of the very tip.

The one-minute cassette doesn't catch into the officer Lenovo P780 specs either, but the it will boast a 5-inch pose, 8MP camera, and 4,000 mAh battery, according to Engadget and GizChina.

That must present in support of Bryant-style battery stamina by the side of filled strength.

The WCDMA device is furthermore thought to be 9.9mm thick and boast a insightful tap screen with the intention of allows gloves and non-capacitive styluses to be used.
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Lenovo P780 v P770

The Lenovo P780's battery life and camera solution are boast certainly been upgraded more than the P770 sort.

Last year's Android smartphone by the Chinese company had a slighter 3,500mAh battery, a 5MP camera, and a dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9.

There's thumbs down officer word on the P780 CPU, but in all likelihood it will boast a quad-core MediaTek chipset and 1GB of RAM, according to the newest rumors.

Lenovo is thought to be launching the additional smartphone in porcelain soon this month, but the Beijing company hasn't announced tactics to let loose this dual-SIM device outside of its homespun territory.

Bryant can be single of the the minority Americans to take the part of around with the Lenovo P780 if with the intention of remains the problem.

Display     Type     IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M insignia
Size     720 x 1280 pixels, 5.0 inches (~294 ppi pixel density)
Multitouch     Yes
Sound     Alert types     Vibration; MP3, WAV ringtones
Loudspeaker     Yes
3.5mm jack     Yes
Memory     Card slot     microSD, up to 32 GB
Internal     4 GB, 1 GB RAM
Data     GPRS     Yes
EDGE     Yes
Speed     HSDPA, HSUPA
WLAN     Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n, dual-band, Wi-Fi hotspot
Bluetooth     Yes, v3.0
USB     Yes, microUSB v2.0, USB On-the-go
Camera     Primary     8 MP, 3264 x 2448 pixels, autofocus, LED exhibit

What are stakeholder and stakeholder responsibility?

Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have interests, rights, or ownership in an organization and its activities. 
 
Stakeholder responsibility holds that leaders and other employees have obligations to identifiable groups that are affected by or can affect the achievement of an organization’s goals.

There are four different themes found in firms with a proactive commitment to assessing its stakeholder ethics:
  • disclosure, 
  • communication and engagement, 
  • proactive management and 
  • creating shareholder value. 
 
In disclosure, the firm is transparent, providing comprehensive stakeholder environmental information to the public. The firm produces reports annually that review its stakeholder and environmental policies, goals, and achievements as well as financial performance. 
 
In communication and engagement the firm actively seeks to communicate with various groups about its environmental performance. This allows the organization to present progress made and to learn from the groups about what future expectations may be. 
 
 In proactive management, the firm is committed to going beyond minimum compliance requirements and integrating stakeholder responsibility into board governance, executive compensation, and management policies. The leaders integrate stakeholder and environmental issues into both day-to-day operations and into its managerial, executive, and fiduciary governance. 
 
And finally, in creating shareholder value, the organization views stakeholder responsibility as central to its long-term efforts to create shareholder value. It looks at how stakeholder and environmental issues can affect sales, costs, and reputation.recognizes the need for diverse workforces, managers, and boards to relate to the increasing diversity of its consumer base. The firm recognizes that proactive leadership of environmental and stakeholder risks can substantially lessen the uncertainties and liabilities created by changing regulatory requirements and new knowledge of emerging risks.

The two types of sexual harassment

Sexual harassment generally refers to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. 
 
The two types of sexual harassment in the United States are: 
(1) quid pro quo—in which submission to harassment is used as the basis for employment decisions, and 
(2) hostile environment—in which harassment creates an offensive working environment. 
 
A sexual harassment policy should contain 
(1) a definition of the harassment, 
(2) a harassment prohibition statement, 
(3) a description of the organization’s complaint procedure, 
(4) a description of disciplinary measures for such harassment, and 
(5) a statement of protection against retaliation.

4 categories of generations with six similarities shared between them

The four broad categories of generations are:
 
1. Mature: Born from 1925 through 1944; 
2. Baby boomers: born from 1945 through 1964; 
3. Generation X: born from 1965 through 1981; and 
4. Generation Y: born from 1982 through 2000.

Six of the commonalities shared between generations are:

1) All generations have similar values. In fact, they all value family the most. They also attach importance to integrity, achievement, love, and competence. 
2) Everyone wants respect; they just define it differently. 
3) Trust matters. Distrust of the organization and in upper management is prevalent among all age groups. 
4) All generations want leaders who are credible and trustworthy. They also want them to listen, be farsighted and encouraging. 
5) Organizational politics are a problem. Employees of all ages know that political savvy is a critical component in career advancement and upper-level management. 
6) No one really likes change. Resistance to change has nothing to do with age; it is all about how much one has to gain or lose with the change.

What is procedural justice and interactional justice?

Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the rules, guidelines, and processes for making decisions. Interactional justice refers to the quality of interpersonal treatment individuals receive during the use of organizational procedures. Four criteria that typify the presence or absence of interactional justice include 
(1) respect (whether decision makers treat individuals politely), 
(2) propriety (whether decision makers are free of bias), 
(3) truthfulness (whether decision makers are engaged in deceptions), and 
(4) justification (whether decision makers adequately explain procedures to individuals). 
 
To achieve both procedural and interactional justice in performance reviews, some guidelines that should be followed are 
(1) Managers should be given specific and clear instructions on procedures, 
(2) Managers should be trained in how to administer the review, 
(3) Results should be discussed with employees, 
(4) Employee participation should be allowed in the review process (e.g., setting goals, providing input on performance), and 
(5)The review should be developmental (e.g., indicate how to improve).

Three ways in which leaders can help integrate ethical decision making into the day-to-day culture of an organization

  • Leaders demonstrating their own commitment to ethical behaviors and decisions made by other managers and employees;
  • A clear code of ethics should be promulgated and followed; a whistle-blowing policy to forbid retaliation against those who report wrongdoing or other ethical procedures should be established and followed; 
  • Managers and employees alike should be involved in the identification of ethical problems and efforts to solve them; 
  • The performance appraisal process should include consideration of ethical issues; and 
  • The organizational priorities and efforts related to ethical issues should be widely publicized.

What are the three categories of ethics-based principles?

The three types of ethics-based principles are: self-serving principles, balancing-interest principles and concern-for-others principles.

The three self serving principles are the hedonist principle: You do whatever is in your own self-interest; the might-equals-right principle: You do whatever you are powerful enough to impose on others without respect to socially acceptable behaviors; and the organization interests principle: You act on the basis of what is good for the organization.

The three balancing-interest principles are the means–end principle: You act on the basis of whether some overall good justifies a moral transgression; the utilitarian principle: You act on the basis of whether the harm from the decision is outweighed by the good in it—that is, the greatest good for the greatest number; and the professional standards principle: You act on the basis of whether the decision can be explained before a group of your peers.

The three concern-for-others principles are the disclosure principle: You act on the basis of how the general public would likely respond to the disclosure of the rationale and facts related to the decision; the distributive justice principle: You act on the basis of treating an individual or group

equitably rather than on arbitrarily defined characteristics (e.g., gender, race, age); and the Golden rule principle: You act on the basis of placing yourself in the position of someone affected by the decision and try to determine how that person would feel.

Six factors influencing ethical intensity and actions in each stage

Ethical intensity is the degree of moral importance given to an issue. It is influenced by six factors. 
 The first factor is magnitude of consequences-the harm or benefits accruing to individuals affected by a decision or behavior. An action that causes 1,000 people to suffer a particular injury has greater consequences than an action that causes 20 people to suffer the same injury. 
 The second factor is probability of effect - the likelihood that if a decision is implemented it will lead to the harm or benefit predicted. The production of an automobile that would be dangerous to occupants during normal driving has greater probability of harm than the production of a NASCAR race car that endangers the driver when curves are taken at high speed. 
The third factor is social consensus is the amount of public agreement that a proposed decision is bad or good. Actively discriminating against minority job candidates is worse than not actively seeking out minority job candidates. 
The fourth factor is temporal immediacy - the length of time that elapses between making a decision and when the consequences of that decision are known. A shorter length of time implies greater immediacy. 
An example of this is if Pfizer releases a drug that causes one percent of the people who take it to have acute nervous reactions within one week. This has greater temporal immediacy than releasing a drug that will cause 1 percent of those who take it to develop nervous disorders after 25 years of use. 
The fifth factor is proximity is the sense of closeness (social, cultural, psychological, or physical) that the decision maker has for victims or beneficiaries of the decision. Recently, Citigroup cut 53,000 jobs. This reduced its labor force to 300,000 employees with more layoffs anticipated. This action had a greater impact on the remaining employees than the personal impact the news reporters feel when announcing this layoff. 
The sixth factor is concentration of effect -the inverse function of the number of people affected by a decision. A change in an insurance policy denying coverage to 40 people with claims of $50,000 each has a more concentrated effect than a change denying coverage to 4,000 people with claims of $500 each.

Behaviors that might be shown by persons at six stages of moral developmenteach of these stages.

Kohlberg’s six stages of moral development are: obedience and punishment, instrumental, interpersonal, law and order, social contract and universal.

A person at the obedience and punishment stage does the right thing mainly to avoid punishment or to obtain approval. An employee stuck at this stage might think that the only reason not to steal money from an employer is the certainty of getting caught and then fired or even arrested. 

A person at the instrumental stage becomes aware that others also have needs and begins to defer to them to get what the individual wants. An employee at this stage might be willing to defer to the needs of the employer to reduce absenteeism, but only if the employer gives something in return. 

A person at the interpersonal stage considers appropriate behavior as that which pleases or is approved by friends or family. Proper behavior exhibits conformity to conventional expectations, often of the majority. At this stage, being seen as a “good person” with basically good motives is important. 

An employee at this stage might focus on the importance of being a loyal employee and colleague who is always friendly and who avoids or remains calm during conflict. 

A person at the law and order stage recognizes that ethical behavior consists of doing a person’s duty, showing respect for authority, and maintaining the social order for its own sake. The person sees other people as individuals and also as parts of the larger social system that gives them their roles and obligations. 
An employee at this stage might rigidly adhere to organizational rules and regulations and legitimate orders from superiors. The employee is likely to resist or criticize the efforts of coworkers or superiors to bend or break the rules. At this stage of moral reasoning, rules are considered to be necessary for the effective functioning of the entire organization, and they should be followed even when it requires some self-sacrifices or resisting pressures from peers. A person at the social contract stage is aware that others hold a variety of conflicting personal views that go beyond the letter of the law. A person at this stage understands that, although rules and laws may be agreed on and for the most part must be followed, they can be changed if necessary. 

The individual at this stage recognizes that employees are expected to follow the rules but also accepts the idea of breaking the rules when those rules conflict with accepted social values. They accept the organization permitting employees to be absent for only a specified number of days. But if the employee believes that the absentee rules unduly restrict freedom, he or she might also feel justified in breaking the rule or working to make it less restrictive. Finally, a person at the universal principles stage views appropriate conduct as determined by a person’s conscience, based on universal ethical principles. Kohlberg felt that universal principles are founded in justice, the public welfare, the equality of human rights, and respect for the dignity of individual human beings. In his model, people at the most advanced stage of ethical reasoning recognize these universal principles and act in accordance with them rather than rules or laws. 

Themes that capture the sense of the citizenship efforts by Xerox.

The five themes demonstrated by the Xerox company are: 
 
(1)Conducting business with integrity and transparency builds credibility and attracts investors; 
 
(2) Aligning resources around customer need provides the revenue stream that enables investment in innovation and future growth.; 
 
(3) Nurturing a greener world through sustainable innovation and development saves money, creates value and helps develop new markets; 
 
(4) Creating a great workplace for our people strengthens our competitiveness; and 
 
(5) Leveraging our resources to make our world better improves the quality of life for our people and the economic climate for our customers.

3 ways in which an organization can create shareholder value?

An organization views stakeholder responsibility as central to its long-term efforts to create shareholder value, as shareholder value can affect sales, costs, and reputation. 
 
An organization can create shareholder value through 
 
  1. creating diverse workforces, 
  2. managers, and 
  3. boards to relate to the increasing diversity of its consumer base. 
 
An organization can also increase shareholder value through recognition that its customers, suppliers, employees, and others would rather do business with a company that is mindful of its power and its ability to affect people’s lives.

What is sustainable development?

Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that strives to meet current human needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Some of the themes addressed under the umbrella of sustainable development include atmosphere, consumption and production patterns, land, freshwater, oceans, seas, and coasts, economic development, and natural hazards. Sustainable development is an area of major interest and increasing commitment by organizations.

The sustainability initiatives taken by McDonald’s include pilot projects with a handful of recently built green restaurants, providing employee education and operates an Energy All-Star recognition program that showcases innovations, best practices and outstanding efforts on the part of workers, and requiring its suppliers to join McDonald’s in working to improve any aspect of their business operation that affects the environment. The company requires suppliers to provide annual measurements to McDonald’s in four environmental areas: energy use, water consumption, waste and recycling, and air pollution.

4 groups of people that create stakeholder pressures

Four of the groups of people that represent stakeholder pressures are:
 
  1. employees, 
  2. shareholders, 
  3. customers and 
  4. suppliers. 
 
Pressures pertaining to employees include pay and benefits, safety and health, rights at work/global labor standards, and fair/ethical treatment in hiring, reviews, promotion, and related areas. 
 
Pressures pertaining to shareholders include demands for efficiency/profitability, viability (sustainability), growth of investment, and ethical disclosure of financial information. 
 
Pressures pertaining to customers include competitive prices, quality and safe products, respect for customers’ privacy, concern for environment and truthful/ethical advertising and sales practices. 
 
Pressures pertaining to suppliers are meeting commitments, repeating business and fair trade practices/ethical treatment